{"id":12666,"date":"2026-05-14T07:26:24","date_gmt":"2026-05-14T07:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hn.endesarrollo.pro\/?p=12666"},"modified":"2026-05-17T09:46:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-17T09:46:51","slug":"house-environment-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hn-int.com\/house-environment-2\/","title":{"rendered":"House environment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Hen thermo-regulation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Convection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeat loss occurs due to the movement of the air which permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air. This process can be promoted by providing fast air movement around the hen.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Conduction<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeat transfer from surface to surface. Normally, it is relatively unimportant as the contact surface is small and the temperature of the litter or of the cage is not significantly different from the body temperature.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Radiation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis is the transmission of heat from a warm object to a cold one. Heat loss is proportional to the temperature difference between the body surface and the surrounding air.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Evaporation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBirds use evaporation to stabilize their body temperature by increasing the respiration rate through panting, which is very effective.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Effect of the room temperature on the different ways of losing heat<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Temperature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ambient temperature has a great influence on egg production. Layers perform well over a wide range of temperatures. Temperature fluctuations between 21 \u00b0C and 27 \u00b0C (69.8 \u00b0F and 80.6 \u00b0F) have a minimal effect on egg production, egg size and shell quality. Feed conversion improves with higher house temperatures, and maximum efficiency is attained in the 21 \u2013 27 \u00b0C (69.8 \u2013 80.6 \u00b0F) range. As the temperature rises, however, the following parameters could be affected:<\/p>

  • Feed intake<\/li>
  • Egg weight<\/li>
  • Egg production<\/li>
  • Eggshell quality<\/li>
  • Mortality<\/li><\/ul>


    A uniform temperature throughout the house is very important. Good ventilation management and thermal insulation should help to reduce or eliminate temperature variations, specially between day and night.<\/p>

    The temperature should not be seen as an isolated parameter but always considered in combination with humidity. In addition, air speed is also an important element of the perceived ambient temperature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Table 27. Temperature and its effect on the birds<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Temperature always has a height gradient. Careful consideration should be taken in cage systems.
    Courtesy of M.Czarick - UGA<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Roof insulation is the corner stone for a correct house temperature and ventilation in hot or cold weather.
    Courtesy of M. Czarick - UGA<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Fans or windows do not have the same insulation capacity as the walls. They can create uncomfortable areas for the birds.
    Courtesy of M. Czarick - UGA<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Hot climate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHigh temperatures, especially over a long period, can cause serious losses to the poultry farmer. The effects of heat stress are delayed onset of lay, lower performance, decreased feed intake and increased mortality. Therefore, to minimize financial losses, every effort should be made to maintain an ambient temperature in the house that is within the bird’s comfort zone. If this is not possible, corrective measures should be taken:\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Ventilation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe ventilation system should be checked before the hot weather arrives. Fans should be cleaned and fan belts should be tightened and replaced if necessary. The inlets must be adequate to supply the airflow needed; they should be clean and not obstruct the flow of the incoming air. Tunnel ventilation and cooling pads are the preferred ventilation system. It is advised to check and update the climate computer, fans, inlets and sensors every year.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Low stocking density<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe stocking density should be in accordance with the environmental conditions. If the housing density is too high, the radiant heat between the birds will accumulate, the temperature will increase and air will be prevented from circulating around the birds properly. There should be enough space for the birds to separate in order to pant and droop and slightly lift their wings away from the body to maximize heat loss.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Quality water<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhen birds are heat stressed, they increase their consumption of water in an effort to cool down. The ratio of water to feed increases from 2:1 under normal conditions to over 5:1 under hot conditions. Cool water of good quality should be supplied so that birds can find relief from the heat. To ensure that all the birds have access to water, provide a minimum of one cup or nipple drinker at the cage partition or 2.5 cm of water trough per bird.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Feeding times<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDo not feed at the hottest time of the day. A good strategy is to withhold feed five to eight hours prior to the anticipated time of peak temperature. Feeder chains should be run frequently to stimulate feed intake. The feeder should remain at a low feed level for about one hour per day in the afternoon, to promote a better appetite and ensure that the fine particles are consumed, which usually consist of minerals, vitamins and amino acids. To increase feed consumption, a midnight snack can be implemented.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Feed formulation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSince feed intake is reduced during hot weather periods, the general feeding approach is to increase the energy content in the feed to keep daily energy intake at the level necessary for optimum performance under these conditions.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Shades in open houses<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Fans<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Inlets<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Water reservoir<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Table 28. Stocking density in hot climate
    Always adhere to your own legislative requirements<\/em><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Water quality<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater is the most important and critical nutrient for hens. Any water deprivation will directly impact feed consumption and production. If deprivation exceeds 24 hours, egg production will be severely affected. If deprivation exceeds 48 hours, high mortality will occur in the flock. It is therefore essential to provide a good quality, stable and reliable source of water. Better still, ensure there are two water sources.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Microbiological quality<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater can act as a disease carrier if it is contaminated at the source. Moreover, a poor microbiological quality of water can affect gut health and lead to pathologic issues that affect production. The microbiological quality at the water source should be monitored and samples should be taken at least once per year. This is even more important if water comes from surface sources. Even if the water source is of excellent quality, chlorination or an alternative treatment is highly recommended. Treatment of surface water is compulsory.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Physical quality<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe content of minerals and other elements can greatly impact egg production and hen health. Even if corrective measures can be taken, it is very difficult and expensive to alter the chemical characteristics of water. A good quality water source is a huge advantage when a new farm is under construction. The physical and chemical water quality must be monitored and samples taken at least every year.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Refusing water<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    In some cases, hens can refuse water. This situation is the same as water privation:<\/p>

    • Temperature<\/strong>: hens will decrease their water consumption when water is above 24\u00b0 C, but will refuse it above 32 \u00b0C<\/li>
    • Taste<\/strong>: hens do not have a very developed sense of taste but will refuse to drink water with a unpleasant taste. Some water additives or antibiotics can produce this effect.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Table 29. Drinking water parameters<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Water consumed \/ 1000 brids \/ day<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Water chlorination station<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Air quality<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Good air quality should be guaranteed in the house by using proper ventilation, so there is a low concentration of gases and dust. At the same time, the temperature in the house should be optimally maintained between 18 – 20 \u00b0C with a relative humidity of 50 – 60 %. The rate of ventilation is determined by the temperature; however, when this parameter is reached a minimum ventilation level must be guaranteed. This minimum is normally calculated in m2\/body weight\/hour, but the real aim is the correct management of these parameters:<\/p>

      • Relative humidity<\/li>
      • CO2 less than 5000 ppm<\/li>
      • CO less than 50 ppm<\/li>
      • NH3 less than 25 ppm<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Table 30. Air Movement<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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        Light<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBirds vision differs from that of humans in vision spectra. Hens can see ultraviolet and infrared light. This fact should be considered when creating light programs and choosing the light color. Hens need proper light with an adequate light intensity and the correct photoperiod. The best source of light for production is a high frequency (> 2,000 Hz) bulb emitting light within the warm color spectrum (2,500-3,500 K).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Low frequency fluorescent tubes or energy saving bulbs (50-100 Hz) have a strobe light effect on hens and encourage feather pecking and cannibalism. In addition, hens can see perfectly in a low light intensity environment. Light intensity will vary during the different production stages, but keep in mind that the higher the light intensity, the more active the hens will be. It can be positive (as in the case of brooding) or negative (as in the case of cannibalism during laying). In any case, light intensity variation during the day should be avoided as it can cause high stress levels in the hens. Direct sunlight should also be avoided for the same reason.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Hen thermo-regulation Convection Heat loss occurs due to the movement of the air which permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air. This process can be promoted by providing fast air movement around the hen. Conduction Heat transfer from surface to surface. Normally, it is relatively unimportant as the contact surface […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2192,"featured_media":12667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52,50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12666","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-layers","category-the-chickipedia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHouse environment - H&N International<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"House environment - H&N International\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hen thermo-regulation Convection Heat loss occurs due to the movement of the air which permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air. This process can be promoted by providing fast air movement around the hen. Conduction Heat transfer from surface to surface. 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