{"id":12122,"date":"2026-05-12T14:12:45","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T14:12:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hn.endesarrollo.pro\/?p=12122"},"modified":"2026-05-16T10:56:15","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T10:56:15","slug":"house-environment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hn-int.com\/house-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"House environment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Hen thermo-regulation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Convection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeat loss occurs due to the movement of the air which permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air. This process can be promoted by providing fast air movement around the hen.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Conduction<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeat transfer from surface to surface. Normally, it is relatively unimportant as the contact surface is small and the temperature of the litter or of the cage is not significantly different from the body temperature.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Radiation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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This is the transmission of heat from a warm object to a cold one. Heat loss is proportional to the temperature difference between the body surface and the surrounding air.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Evaporation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Birds use evaporation to stabilize their body temperature by increasing the respiration rate through panting, which is very effective.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Feed distribution in rearing from 10 to 16 weeks<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Temperature<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The ambient temperature has a great influence on egg production. Layers perform well over a wide range of temperatures. Temperature fluctuations between 21 \u00b0C and 27 \u00b0C (69.8 \u00b0F and 80.6 \u00b0F) have a minimal effect on egg production, egg size and shell quality. Feed conversion improves with higher house temperatures, and maximum efficiency is attained in the 21 \u2013 27 \u00b0C (69.8 \u2013 80.6 \u00b0F) range. As the temperature rises, however, the following parameters could be affected:<\/p>

  • Feed intake<\/li>
  • Egg weight<\/li>
  • Egg production<\/li>
  • Eggshell quality<\/li>
  • Mortality<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Temperature always has a height gradient. Careful consideration should be taken in cage systems.
    Courtesy of M.Czarick - UGA<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    A uniform temperature throughout the house is very important. Good ventilation management and thermal insulation should help to reduce or eliminate temperature variations, specially between day and night. The temperature should not be seen as an isolated parameter but always considered in combination with humidity. In addition, air speed is also an important element of the perceived ambient temperature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Roof insulation is the corner stone for a correct house temperature and ventilation in hot or cold weather.
    Courtesy of M.Czarick - UGA<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Fans or windows don\u2019t have the same insultation capacity as the walls. They can create uncomfortable areas for the birds.
    Courtesy of M.Czarick - UGA<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Table 22. Temperature and its effect on the birds<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Hot climate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    High temperatures, especially over a long period, can cause serious losses to the poultry farmer. The effects of heat stress are delayed onset of lay, lower performance, decreased feed intake, increased mortality and drop in the fertility. Therefore, to minimize financial losses, every effort should be made to maintain an ambient temperature in the house that is within the bird\u2019s comfort zone.
    If this is not possible, corrective measure should be taken:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Ventilation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The ventilation system should be checked before the hot weather arrives. Fans should be cleaned and fan belts should be tightened and replaced if necessary. The inlets must be adequate to supply the air flow
    needed, they should be clean and not obstruct the flow of the incoming air. Tunnel ventilation and cooling pads are the preferred ventilation system.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Low stocking density<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe stocking density should be in accordance with the environmental conditions. If the housing density is too high, the radiant heat between the birds will accumulate, the temperature will increase and air will be prevented from circulating around the birds properly. They should be enough space for the birds to separate in order to pant and droop and slightly lift their wings away from the body to maximize responsible heat loss.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Cold and good quality water<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhen birds are heat stressed, they increase consumption of water in an effort to cool down. The ratio of water to feed increases from 2:1 under normal conditions to over 5:1 under hot conditions. Cool water of good quality should be supplied so that birds can find relief from the heat. To ensure that all the birds have access to water, provide the minimum of water space and adjust it according to the climate conditions. During period of hot temperature, the drinker lines should be flushed every day and at least one time per day at the start of lighting program, to get fresh water into the system.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Feeding times<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDo not feed at the hottest time of the day. A good strategy is to withhold feed five to eight hours prior to the anticipated time of peak temperature. Feeder chains should be run frequently to stimulate feed intake. The feeder should remain empty for about two hours per day in the afternoon, to promote a better appetite and ensure that the fine particles are consumed, which usually consist of minerals, vitamins and amino acids. To increase feed consumption, a midnight snack can be implemented.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Feed formulation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSince feed intake is reduced during hot weather periods, the general feeding approach is to increase the energy content in the feed to keep daily energy intake at the level necessary for optimum performance under these conditions.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Hatching egg collection<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHigh temperatures require to collect the eggs more frequently to minimize incubation conditions inside the nests.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Shades in open houses<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Fans<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Inlets<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Water reservoir<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Water quality<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater is the most important and critical nutrient for hens. Any water privation will directly impact feed consumption and production. If privation exceed 24 hours, egg production will be severely affected. If privation exceed 48 hours, high mortality will occur in the flock. It is therefore essential to provide a good quality, stable and reliable source of water. Better still, ensure there are two water sources.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Microbiological quality<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWater can act as a disease carrier if it is contaminated at the source. Moreover, a poor microbiological quality of water can affect gut health and lead to pathologic issues that affect production. The microbiological quality at the water source should be monitored and samples should be taken at least once per year. This is even more important if water comes from surface sources. Even if the water source is of excellent quality, chlorination or an alternative treatment is highly recommended. Treatment of surface water is compulsory.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Physical quality<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe content of minerals and other elements can greatly impact egg production and hen health. Even if corrective measures can be taken, it is very difficult and expensive to alter the chemical characteristics of water. A good quality water source is a huge advantage when a new farm is under construction. The physical and chemical water quality must be monitored and samples taken at least every year.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Refusing water<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    In some cases, hens can refuse water. This situation is the same as water privation:<\/p>

    • Temperature<\/strong>: hens will decrease their water consumption when water is above 24\u00b0 C, but will refuse it above 32 \u00b0C<\/li>
    • Taste<\/strong>: hens do not have a very developed sense of taste but will refuse to drink water with a unpleasant taste. Some water additives or antibiotics can produce this effect.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Table 23. Drinking water parameters<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Always when you apply a product through the water lines must check that the water flow isn\u2019t impaired<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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      Water consumed \/ 1000 brids \/ day<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Water chlorination station<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Air quality<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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      Good air quality should be guaranteed in the house by using proper ventilation, so there is a low concentration of gases and dust. At the same time, the temperature in the house should be optimally maintained between 18 \u2013 20 \u00b0C with a relative humidity of 50 \u2013 60 %. The rate of ventilation is determined by the temperature, however when this parameter is reached a minimum ventilation level must be guaranteed. This minimum is normally calculated in m2\/body weight\/hour but the real aim is the correct management of these parameters:<\/p>

      • Relative humidity<\/li>
      • CO2 > 5000 ppm<\/li>
      • CO > 50 ppm<\/li>
      • NH3 > 25 ppm<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Table 24. Air Movement<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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        Ventilation systems for layer breeder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Transverse Ventilation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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        • Most commonly used during brooding or in cold weather.<\/li>
        • Cold air is directed to the roof. Air circuit is very important for avoiding cold draft at the bird\u2019s level.<\/li>
        • Normally it is not working in permanence but it is driven by a timer.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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          Transition System<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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          • Used when temperature rise but tunnel ventilation cannot be used. (Not available, cold weather, young chicks)<\/li>
          • Air still is directed to the roof.<\/li>
          • Main function is to reduce the house temperature.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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            Tunnel System<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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            • Used in hot weathers and only in adult feathered birds.<\/li>
            • It generates a high-speed flow at bird\u2019s level. It helps to cool the birds by the wind chill effect.<\/li>
            • Most important driver for this system is the air velocity at bird\u2019s level<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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              Light<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBirds vision differs from that of humans in vision spectra. Hens can see ultraviolet and infrared light. This fact should be considered when creating light programs and the light color choice.Hens need proper light with an adequate light intensity and the correct photoperiod. The best source of light for production is a high frequency (> 2,000Hz) bulb emitting light within the warm color spectrum (2,500\u20133,500 K).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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              Low frequency fluorescent tubes or energy saving bulbs (50\u2013100 Hz) have a strobe light effect on hens and encourage feather pecking and cannibalism. In addition, hens can see perfectly in a low light intensity ambiance. Light intensity will vary during the different production stages but keep in mind that the higher the light intensity, the more active the hens will be. It can be positive (as in the case of brooding) or negative ( as in the case of cannibalism during laying). In any case, light intensity variation during the day should be avoided as it can cause high stress level in the hens. Direct sunlight should also be avoided for the same reason.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

              \n\t\t\t\t\t
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              Light color depending on the emitting source<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t

              Light intensity in production floor house<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t

              Key points<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
              • Temperature has a critical impact and must be well managed to achieve good production.<\/li>
              • In warm weather, take corrective measures to reduce the impact of temperature.<\/li>
              • Water is a key nutrient. Ensure that a good quality water supply is accessible to the hens.<\/li>
              • Maintain good air quality and distribution through correct ventilation.<\/li>
              • Remember that light impacts significantly on hen behavior.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Hen thermo-regulation Convection Heat loss occurs due to the movement of the air which permits the transfer of heat from the hen\u2019s body to the air. This process can be promoted by providing fast air movement around the hen. Conduction Heat transfer from surface to surface. 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